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Sacral neuromodulation: State-of-the-art strategies and troubleshooting techniques
Is bilateral stimulation more effective than unilateral lead placement? What should be done for patients who report pain at the lead site? How can I reduce the risk of stage 1 complications? The authors offer state-of-the-art advice on these and other issues affecting patients undergoing this minimally invasive treatment for lower urinary tract dysfunctions.
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Lymphadenectomy: How extensive for bladder cancer?
At the time of attempted curative cystectomy for bladder cancer, we can expect to find lymph node metastases in 20% to 25% of patients. Increasing tumor grade and T stage as well as the presence of lymphovascular invasion are associated with increased risk of nodal disease. It has long been recognized that pelvic nodal metastases may be found in the absence of more distant metastatic disease. A number of large contemporary series have reported 5-year survival rates of greater than 30% in patients with nodal disease.
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The promise of tissue engineering: Progress on the path to clinical reality
Tissue engineering efforts are being undertaken for every type of tissue and organ within the urinary system. Recent progress suggests that engineered urologic tissues and cell therapy may have clinical applicability.
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Flexible ureteroscopy: Evolving instrumentation and technique
Flexible ureteropyeloscopy has become a powerful diagnostic and therapeutic tool for endourologists. Advances in technology have given
rise to a growing number of instruments and accessories with unique features that have the potential for facilitating ureteroscopic procedures. The authors survey new devices, review advances in technique, and provide a glimpse of products now in development.
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